We are contacting you because you downloaded one or more of the building energy weather datasets from the CSIRO Data Shop:
There are now updated versions of some of these datasets available in the CSIRO Data Shop:
Projected weather files for building energy modelling
ProjectedWeatherFilesEpw_20240531.zip
Typical Meteorological Year weather files for building energy modelling
TMYWeatherFilesEpw_20240528.zip
The changes made are:
1. Change in way time mapped from NatHERS to .epw format
2. Change in how radiation data obtained
3. User Guide updated to reflect these changes
Change in way time mapped from NatHERS to .epw format
The NatHERS format uses hours 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 23, whereas the EnergyPlus (.epw) format uses hours 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 24
In the previous versions of the datasets in .epw format, when NatHERS data was converted to .epw format, NatHERS hour values were mapped to .epw hour values as follows: 0->1, 1->2, 2->3, …, 23->24.
In the current version of the dataset, when NatHERS data is converted to .epw format, NatHERS hour values are mapped to .epw hour values as follows: 0 not used, 1->1, 2->2, …, 23->23.
For the last hour of each month (.epw hour 24), instead of using a value from the NatHERS RMY dataset (e.g. from hour 0 of the following month), critical variable values have been taken from the third party (non-CSIRO) 2016 TMY dataset. This avoids any potential problems in cases where consecutive months in the RMY/TMY datasets contain data which have been selected from the BOM weather data from different years.
These changes result in a better alignment of variable values with the .epw time period.
Change in how radiation data obtained
In the previous versions of the datasets in .epw format, values for the three radiation variables Global Horizontal Radiation, Direct Normal Radiation, and Diffuse Horizontal Radiation were based on values from the NatHERS RMY files. The current version of this dataset takes these values from the third party (non-CSIRO) 2016 TMY dataset.
The reason for this change is that for the NatHERS RMY files, the radiation values are calculated centred around the hour. For example, radiation at hour 9 relates to radiation for the period 8:30AM to 9:30AM. Whereas the .epw format defines radiation values as relating to the hour preceding the stated hour. For example, radiation at hour 9 relates to radiation for the period 8:00AM to 9:00AM.
The radiation values in the third party (non-CSIRO) 2016 TMY dataset are consistent with the .epw understanding of radiation values.
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CSIRO Australia’s National Science Agency | csiro.au
The death occurred recently in Brisbane of the eminent architectural scientist, Steve Szokolay, a pioneer and world authority on climatic design. As Vajk Istvan Szokolay[Steven Vajk] (1927‒2024) he was born at Budapest, Hungary, the son of Bela Szokolay, an architect, and Marta Tompa. His parents were active in the Hungarian architecture and arts communities, his father as a painter, adult puppeteer with a political agenda, and founder of an architectural journal Epitomunka, and his mother as an intellectual known for her poetry readings on radio. During World War 2, Steve’s schooling was disrupted. After Russia ‘liberated’ Hungary in 1945 he joined the Communist Party. But by 1947 when he enrolled to study architecture at the Technical University he was disillusioned and resigned, joining instead the Independent Smallholders Party. After winning the 1945 election this Party had been forced into a communist dominated coalition government. Their electoral mandate was eroded by expulsions and imprisonment of party members before a coup d’etat toppled their leader, the democratically elected Prime Minister. Despite the Communists again failing to win the 1947 election, further intimidation soon resulted in a Communist government.
Only a few months after commencing his University studies, Szokolay was arrested. Charged with conspiring against the State, he was imprisoned for four years. A month after his release in December 1951, he was again arrested and imprisoned for a further two years. Following his release, he became a builder’s labourer and a qualified bricklayer. Continuing his architectural education was not possible and instead he completed second year at a building trades technical college. He married Edith Ditroi in 1955 and his son Tash was born in August 1956, only two months before the Hungarian Uprising, which was crushed 12 days later by the Russians. After narrowly avoiding arrest, Steve and his family fled across the Austrian border.
Having learnt English in prison, he sought to migrate to an English-speaking country where he could study architecture part-time. Under the Australian Hungarian Refugee Assistance Scheme, the Szokolays arrived in January 1957. After spending time in Bonegilla Migrant Camp, he obtained work in Sydney, briefly as a bricklayer before working as a draftsman, first in an aluminium window factory, then at the Commonwealth Department of Works. He enrolled in the University of NSW’s evening course in architecture, an experience which he described as patchy, but influential staff included Max Collard, Frank Woolard and RO Phillips, who supervised his thesis on Climate control in Sydney office buildings, an early indication of his life-long passion. He graduated in 1961.
In his final year he was employed by Edwards Madigan & Torzillo before moving in 1962 to Westfields to work on shopping malls. After his first marriage failed he travelled to Europe in 1963. In London he worked for Richard Gallino before he was appointed a tenured lecturer at Liverpool University, conditional on him undertaking a three months’ course at the Architectural Association School in London with Otto Könisberger and working for two years at a new university in Nairobi. He completed a Master of Architecture degree at Liverpool in 1968 with a thesis on Design of buildings for equatorial highland climates.
In 1973 with numerous former Hungarians all working in solar control, he attended in Paris the International Solar Energy Society (ISES) conference Sun in the service of Mankind. He maintained contact with Könisberger who later that year ran a conference on tropical architecture which was also attended by Bal Saini, recently appointed professor at the University of Queensland. Subsequently Saini contacted him about working in Brisbane. In July 1974, Szokolay took up a position as senior lecturer and director of the Architectural Science Unit, in the Department of Architecture where in 1978 he completed his PhD degree on Air conditioning in tropical Australia and the role of solar powered methods. He later served as Head of the Department.
While in the Department, he collaborated with CSIRO and other researchers, undertook research including on historical passive-design precedents, was consultant to government, business and communities, taught and guest lectured at universities and conferences throughout the world and designed an early solar-air-conditioned house. After retiring in 1992 he continued to teach at post-graduate level. He was twice Chairman of ANZSES (1978/80 and 1992/94), a Director of ISES (1985/93), President of the ANZ Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA 1980/82) and President of Passiveand Low Energy Architecture (PLEA) International (1995/98). For four years he edited the journal Solar Progress and was the author of a dozen books including widely used and translated textbooks and some 150 technical papers. He was an Associate of the RIBA and Fellow of the AIA and a member, Fellow and Honorary Life Fellow of numerous national and international Societies and Institutions. In 2001, Steve was awarded a membership of the Order of Australia, a Special Medal of ANZSES, and in celebration of Australia’s bicentenary, a Centenary Medal in recognition of ‘those who made Australia’ for his contributions to education. For architectural science, Steve’s contribution was formidable. His texts on the science of architecture and embracing sustainability are used in architectural education across the globe. His most recent text Introduction to Architectural Science – The Basis of Sustainable Design was published in its third edition in 2014. At the time of his passing, the book is being further updated with a co-author for the UK publisher Routledge. His son Tash who studied architecture predeceased him in 2018, but Steve was survived by his third wife Katalin. They had been married fifty years.
Note by Trevor Lee
Steve’s key design manuals published through the Education Division of the then Royal Australian Institute of Architects are: Climatic Data and its Use in Design 1983, revised 1988, Passive Solar Design in Australia with Jack Greenland 1985 and Thermal Design of Buildings 1995.
Garry Baverstock, Wise Earth Architects, Perth: Vale Steve Szolkolay…… my old mate! We had many good and fun times times and a solid connection scientifically. Such a great man…… self made. The spirit of innovation was with Steve and he always wanted scientific proof as things progressed. I feel the world rarely creates such people these days.
Trevor Berrill, Brisbane: I appreciated the work that Steve did and the opportunity I had to work with him and study his solar energy subjects. Learning from him certainly helped my professional development. I remember working with Ric on the solar water heating test rig, running science tutorials for architecture students, building and showing how to use the low speed wind tunnel, controlled environment room, and artificial sky.
Trevor Lee, Director, Exemplary Energy, Canberra: I remember Steve most clearly as the founding editor of Solar Progress, moving the learned annual Solar Energy Progress in Australia and New Zealand (SEPANZ) to a more accessible quarterly format and expanding its remit to cover social and political developments along with the architecture, engineering and science that had been the exclusive content until then. It was my pleasure to be his successor until December 1994. Less than six months after he joined UQ, Cyclone Tracy devastated Darwin at Christams 1974 and the following year a team of five of Steve’s undergraduate students led by Richard Sale took up a project under Steve’s guidance (at the urging of the Environment Centre of the NT) to explore the autonomous alternatives to simply rebuilding what had been lost. That seminal work was ignored by the government but it led four years later to the establishment of the Darwin Solar Village out of Humpty Doo, well beyond Darwin’s suburban reach.
Monica Oliphant, former ISES President, Adelaide: I was very sad to hear of the death of Dr Steven Szokolay. He played a big part in promoting solar energy in Australia and my memories of him are mostly from the 1980’s and 1990’s. During that time, he helped in the organisation of the ISES Solar World Congress in Budapest in 1993 and was Editor of the ANZSES (Australian and NZ Solar Energy Society) magazine Solar Progress, which he changed to a glossy quarterly publication that was one of the foremost renewable energy magazines in Australia for many years. Steve was one of the early pioneers of passive solar architecture in Australia and was very passionate about the topic. He was a “must have” speaker at many ANZSES conferences as he spoke well and was quite outspoken on solar issues. He was a keynote at the ISES Congress in Adelaide in 2001. Unfortunately, I lost touch with him after that but was glad to see references to his papers from time to time. He has a firm place in the early Solar History of Australia and Architecture in particular and leaves a strong legacy. Steve had a very forthright personality and I liked him very much.
Wasim Saman, Prof Emeritus Engineering, UniSA, Adelaide: Steve was one of a few architects that appreciated the impact of the sun on buildings and could crunch the numbers to evaluate it. I first met Steve in the 1983 ISES Congress in Perth. He was the technical program chair. I subsequently caught up with him in many ISES and ANZSES meetings including the one in Zimbabwe when we made the successful bid to hold the 2001 ISES Congress in Adelaide. He was always enthusiastic and supportive and left a lasting legacy in Australia and around the world.
Jeff Stapleton, ISES Board Member: I was sorry to hear of the passing of Dr Steve Szokolay, one of the pioneers of Solar Architecture in Australia. In my early career during the 1980’s and 1990’s whenever I attended an ANZSES conference Steve was always friendly and helpful. He was the author of a number of books on solar architecture and was very active within ANZSES in particular within solar building groups .He was president of ANZSES 1992-to 1994. He will be remembered as a major contributor to the development solar buildings within Australia.
Homes are given an Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) based on the annual energy demand (heat required to be added in winter and removed in summer to keep the home comfortable) and we have interpreted that into running costs of a property in terms of energy consumption for cooling and heating. We offer the calculation of annual gas and electricity cost for heating and cooling energy consumption for a user-selected single-storey house size in Canberra on our website; including the option of all-electric home conditioning since July 2022.
The calculations are based on the prices published by ActewAGL, and users are able to input a preferred home size between 75 and 500m2 to compare the estimated energy costs of heating and cooling a home corresponding to an EER using appliances of varying energy rating.
Until now, we have only covered the Canberra region (and been indicative of other locations in the NCC Climate Zone 7 – Cool Temperate) and are about to update the matrix to reflect current gas and electricity prices; but we will then be working on the other 7 major cities’ calculations, so they will be added soon. We will announce when the other cities are ready with Melbourne being our first target.
In the May edition of Exemplary Advances, we introduced our research into precipitation disaggregation from daily to half-hourly using a long short-term memory (LSTM) model. Since then, we’ve experimented with a number of other architectures, including foundation models specifically designed for time-series applications. Our most promising results so far have come from a modified LSTM.
High temporal resolution of precipitation is necessary for the design and simulation of building components. Due to tipping bucket rain gauges only being installed from the 1990s and the early 2000s in most localities, climate files created by concatenating the twelve most typical months selected from three decades often include months where that site only has daily precipitation data, measured at 9am local time. Our research aims to provide high-quality, high-resolution half-hourly precipitation data that is consistent with the measured daily value and the simultaneous hourly values of the other weather elements.
LSTM is a recurrent neural network that can handle long-term dependencies using special memory cells which allow the network to learn important details from a sequence of data while discarding irrelevant information. The ‘short-term’ in its name refers to the network’s ability to capture data dependencies and patterns over short sequences that are then extended to longer sequences using the memory mechanism. A diagram of our new architecture can be seen below.
The three major changes we undertook were:
1) Adding a differentiable normalization layer to enforce the daily total constraint from the model itself, rather than later during post-processing. Previously, we used the SoftMax activation function to ensure outputs summed to 1 were multiplied by the daily total when generating the results. However, this has two main issues:
First is that SoftMax is non-linear, meaning that it distorts the contributions of time periods to the total.
Second is that the daily total is not accounted for at all during training.
Our new layer enforces this constraint effectively during training, leading to more accurate results.
2) Re-shaping the inputs and outputs. We now estimate each half-hour period one-at-a-time and squeeze these into a single tensor, rather than producing 24-hour estimations at each timestep and taking the last estimated value as the output tensor.
3) Further feature engineering. We have some more input variable combinations to integrate into the new model, but each new feature adds significant ‘training’ time for the software. Currently, we are testing and trying to find the best combination based on correlation with precipitation to find the pros of adding more features.
We’ve seen significant improvement in several key metrics.
We are now exceeding the performance of Exemplary’s previous hourly precipitation disaggregation method using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach despite estimating to a finer resolution. For example, if we compare absolute error in the total number of rainfall periods, the LSTM scores ~13%, which is within the range recorded by our colleagues’ previous work despite being a much finer time series. Further, the LSTM correctly detects 64.8% of rainfall periods with no temporal error – this is a 2x improvement over the previous model, and still five percentage points more accurate than the previous model with a ± 2-hour window. Even if our new model is precisely predicting daily precipitation, we still need to improve the model to translate it to half hourly resolution.
The graph above shows our current model’s synthesised half hourly precipitation against real data. The model works well on low precipitation while there are big gaps on high precipitation values. It performs 57% of precision and 67% of recall but we are aiming to get these two factors above 80 % in our next iteration of the code.
We are working on hyperparameter fine-tuning to get better results and a testing setup to evaluate the model’s performance for a number of Australian cities. The updated results will be announced in future editions of “Exemplary Advances”.
Project Team: Hong Gic Oh (leader), Nayan Aroroa (graduate) and Harrison Oates (intern)
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